Infection and Instability Increasing the Risk of Patella Baja and Pseudo-Patella Baja after Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty

Background@#Patella baja with patellar tendon shortening due to traumatic or ischemic injury is a widely known complication after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Pseudo-patella baja may arise from the elevation of the joint line after excessive distal femoral resection. The maintenance of original patellar height is important in revision TKA because postoperative patella baja and pseudo-patella baja can cause inferior biomechanical and clinical results. We investigated the incidence and risk factors of patella baja and pseudo-patella baja after revision TKA. @*Methods@#We retrospectively reviewed data for 180 revision TKAs. Patella baja was defined as a truly low-lying patella with an Insall-Salvati ratio (ISR) of < 0.8 and a Blackburne-Peel ratio (BPR) of < 0.54. Pseudo-patella baja was defined as a relatively lowlying patella compared to the joint line within the normal range of ISR and with a BPR of < 0.54. Clinically, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and range of motion (ROM) were evaluated. Risk factors increasing the incidence of patella baja and pseudo-patella baja after revision TKA were evaluated using multiple regression analysis. @*Results@#Before revision TKA, 169 knees did not exhibit patella baja or pseudo-patella baja, while 9 knees showed patella baja and 2 knees exhibited pseudo-patella baja. At 2 years after revision TKAs, 25 knees (13.9%) showed patella baja and 23 knees (12.8%) exhibited pseudo-patella baja. Despite no differences in the postoperative WOMAC score between groups with and without patella baja and pseudo-patella baja, the postoperative ROM was significantly smaller in the group with patella baja (113.3°) or pseudo patella baja (110.5°) than in the normal group (122.0°). Infection as the cause of revision TKA increased the risk of patella baja (odds ratio, 10.958; p < 0.001), and instability increased the risk of pseudo-patella baja (odds ratio, 11.480; p < 0.001). @*Conclusions@#Infection and instability resulted in increases in the incidence of patella baja and pseudo-patella baja after revision TKA. Information about the risk factors of patella baja and pseudo-patella baja will help TKA surgeons plan the height of the patella after revision TKA and improve clinical outcomes.

History and Concept of Manual Therapy / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Manual therapy has undergone parallel development throughout many parts of the world dating back to ancient times for at least 2,500 years. The earliest historical reference to the practice of manual therapy in Greece, dates back to 400 B.C. Over the centuries, manual medicines have fallen in and out of favor with the medical profession. To truly understand the principle, it is important to know that manual therapy was initially the mainstay of the three leading alternative health care systems, osteopathy, chiropractic, and most notably physical therapy. These were all founded in the latter part of the 19th century in response to the shortcomings in allopathic medicine. Although it has been around for a long time and has been used all over the world, there are a few reports on manual therapy treatment, and most papers provided a low level of evidence. Despite the controversies over manual therapy, its use appears to be increasing gradually. This article reviews the history of manual therapy from ancient times to the present including Korean history, discusses the current state of knowledge on manual therapy, and informs physicians who manage musculoskeletal pain.

Mid-term lifetime survivals of octogenarians following primary and revision total knee arthroplasties were satisfactory: a retrospective single center study in contemporary period

Background@#As life expectancy increases, the number of octogenarians requiring primary and revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is increasing. Recently, primary TKA has become a common treatment option in octogenarians.However, surgeons may still be hesitant about performing revision TKA on octogenarians because of concern about risk and cost benefit. The purpose of this study was to investigate clinical outcomes, postoperative complications, and mid-term lifetime survival in octogenarians after primary and revision TKA. @*Materials and methods@#We retrospectively reviewed 231 primary TKAs and 41 revision TKAs performed on octogenarians between 2000 and 2016. The mean age of patients undergoing primary TKA was 81.9 years and that of patients undergoing revision TKA was 82.3 years (p = 0.310). The age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index was higher in revision TKA (4.4 vs. 4.8, p = 0.003). The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and range of motion (ROM) were evaluated. The incidence of postoperative complications (TKA-related, specific or systemic) and lifetime survival rate (endpoint death determined by telephone or mail communication with patient or family) were investigated. @*Results@#The WOMAC and ROM improved significantly after primary and revision TKA, although postoperative results were worse in the revision group (33.1 vs. 47.2; 128.9° vs. 113.6°; p< 0.001, respectively). There were no cases of aseptic or septic component failure in either group. One case of periprosthetic fracture was observed in the revision group (0% vs. 2.4%, p = 0.151), and three cases of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)/pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) (one case of DVT and two cases of PTE) were observed in the primary group (1.3% vs. 0%, p = 1.000). The most common systemic complication in both groups was delirium (7.4% vs. 14.6%, p= 0.131). There were no differences between the two groups in the other systemic complication rates. The 5-year and 10-year lifetime survival rates were 87.2% and 62.9%, respectively, in primary TKA and 82.1% and 42.2%, respectively, in revision TKA (p = 0.017). @*Conclusions@#Both primary and revision TKA are viable options for octogenarians, based on the satisfactory clinical outcomes, TKA-related complication rates, and mid-term lifetime survival. Delirium needs to be managed appropriately as the most common systemic complication in both primary and revision TKA in octogenarians.

Mid-term lifetime survivals of octogenarians following primary and revision total knee arthroplasties were satisfactory: a retrospective single center study in contemporary period

Background@#As life expectancy increases, the number of octogenarians requiring primary and revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is increasing. Recently, primary TKA has become a common treatment option in octogenarians.However, surgeons may still be hesitant about performing revision TKA on octogenarians because of concern about risk and cost benefit. The purpose of this study was to investigate clinical outcomes, postoperative complications, and mid-term lifetime survival in octogenarians after primary and revision TKA. @*Materials and methods@#We retrospectively reviewed 231 primary TKAs and 41 revision TKAs performed on octogenarians between 2000 and 2016. The mean age of patients undergoing primary TKA was 81.9 years and that of patients undergoing revision TKA was 82.3 years (p = 0.310). The age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index was higher in revision TKA (4.4 vs. 4.8, p = 0.003). The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and range of motion (ROM) were evaluated. The incidence of postoperative complications (TKA-related, specific or systemic) and lifetime survival rate (endpoint death determined by telephone or mail communication with patient or family) were investigated. @*Results@#The WOMAC and ROM improved significantly after primary and revision TKA, although postoperative results were worse in the revision group (33.1 vs. 47.2; 128.9° vs. 113.6°; p< 0.001, respectively). There were no cases of aseptic or septic component failure in either group. One case of periprosthetic fracture was observed in the revision group (0% vs. 2.4%, p = 0.151), and three cases of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)/pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) (one case of DVT and two cases of PTE) were observed in the primary group (1.3% vs. 0%, p = 1.000). The most common systemic complication in both groups was delirium (7.4% vs. 14.6%, p= 0.131). There were no differences between the two groups in the other systemic complication rates. The 5-year and 10-year lifetime survival rates were 87.2% and 62.9%, respectively, in primary TKA and 82.1% and 42.2%, respectively, in revision TKA (p = 0.017). @*Conclusions@#Both primary and revision TKA are viable options for octogenarians, based on the satisfactory clinical outcomes, TKA-related complication rates, and mid-term lifetime survival. Delirium needs to be managed appropriately as the most common systemic complication in both primary and revision TKA in octogenarians.

Snapping Knee due to a Femoral Osteochondroma after Total Knee Arthroplasty

A female patient who underwent total knee arthroplasty presented with a snapping sensation over the left knee at 10 years postoperatively. Initially, the bony mass was visible on the medial femoral condyle radiographically at 5 years postoperatively. The mass had enlarged over time and her symptoms were progressive. The mass was excised at postoperative 18 years and confirmed as an osteochondroma histopathologically. The patient’s symptoms have been completely resolved for 3-year follow-up after excision. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V

Long-Term Survival Analysis of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the long term clinical and radiographic results and the survival rates of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). In addition, the factors affecting the survival of the procedure were analyzed and the survival curve was compared according to the affecting factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-nine cases of UKA performed between December 1982 and January 1996 were involved: 10 cases with Modular II, 44 cases with Microloc, and 45 cases with Allegretto prostheses. The mean follow-up period was 16.5 years. Clinically, the hospital for special surgery (HSS) scoring system and the range of motion (ROM) were evaluated. Radiographically, the femorotibial angle (FTA) was measured. The survival rate was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Cox regression analysis was used to identify the factors affecting the survival according to age, sex, body mass index, preoperative diagnosis, and type of implant. The Kaplan–Meier survival curves were compared according to the factors affecting the survival of UKA. RESULTS: The overall average HSS score and ROM was 57.7 and 134.3° preoperatively, 92.7 and 138.4° at 1 year postoperatively, and 79.1 and 138.4° at the last follow-up (p<0.001, respectively). The overall average FTA was varus 0.8° preoperatively, valgus 4.1° at postoperative 2 weeks, and valgus 3.0° at the last follow-up. The overall 5-, 10-, 15- and 20-year survival rates were 91.8%, 82.9%, 71.0%, and 67.0%, respectively. The factors affecting the survival were the age and type of implant. The risk of the failure decreased with age (hazard ratio=0.933). The Microloc group was more hazardous than the other prostheses (hazard ratio=0.202, 0.430, respectively). The survival curve in the patients below 60 years of age was significantly lower than those of the patients over 60 years of age (p=0.003); the survival curve of the Microloc group was lower compared to the Modular II and Allegretto groups (p=0.025). CONCLUSION: The long-term clinical and radiographic results and survival of UKA using old fixed bearing prostheses were satisfactory. The selection of appropriate patient and prosthesis will be important for the long term survival of the UKA procedure.

The influence of computer-assisted surgery experience on the accuracy and precision of the postoperative mechanical axis during computer-assisted lateral closing-wedge high tibial osteotomy

BACKGROUND@#There is debate regarding the influence of a surgeon's experience with computer-assisted surgery (CAS) on the postoperative mechanical axis (MA) in CAS-high tibial osteotomy. The purpose of the present study was to compare radiographic results between early and late cohorts of a consecutive series of patients to assess the influence of CAS experience on accuracy and precision of the postoperative MA during CAS lateral closing-wedge high tibial osteotomy (LCWHTO).@*MATERIALS AND METHODS@#Results from 140 CAS-LCWHTO operations were retrospectively reviewed. The first 70 cases, performed during the learning curve period for CAS between 2005 and 2009, were considered to be the “early cohort.” The subsequent 70 cases, performed with greater CAS experience after the completion of the learning curve between 2009 and 2014, were considered to be the “late cohort.” The target postoperative MA angle was valgus 3°. Pre- and postoperative MA angles were evaluated by navigation and radiographs. The proportion of postoperative MA inliers (≤ target angle ±3°) was investigated radiographically. The correlation between the navigation and radiographic measurements was analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The average postosteotomy MA angle on navigation was 3.4° in both cohorts. The average postoperative MA angle on radiographs was 1.0° in the early cohort and 2.2° in the late cohort (P = 0.003). Radiographically, the proportion of postoperative MA inliers was greater in the late cohort than in the early cohort (early versus late, 71.4% versus 90%; P = 0.011). The pre- and postoperative correlation between navigation and radiographic measurements was also stronger in the late cohort (early versus late; preoperative r = 0.558 versus 0.663; postoperative r = 0.310 versus 0.376).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Greater experience with CAS increased the accuracy and precision of postoperative MA alignment as well as the correlation between navigation and radiographic measurements. Caution should be taken during registration procedures to achieve accurate alignment correction in CAS-LCWHTO.

Comparison of Clinical Results and Risk of Patellar Injury between Attune and PFC Sigma Knee Systems

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to compare clinical results after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using the Attune and PFC Sigma knee designs and to investigate whether the use of the Attune prosthesis increased the risk of patellar injury in Asian patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three hundred knees that underwent TKA using Attune (group A) were compared to 300 knees that underwent TKA using PFC Sigma (group B). The Knee Society Knee Score (KS) and Function Score (FS), and range of motion (ROM) were compared. The residual patellar thickness was compared to evaluate the risk of patellar injury. RESULTS: The postoperative KS and ROM of group A were better than those of group B (93.1 vs. 88.8, p < 0.001 and 131.4° vs. 129.0°, p=0.008, respectively). The postoperative FS did not differ significantly between the two groups (80.9 vs. 78.7, p=0.427). The residual patella was thinner in group A (14.8 mm vs. 15.7 mm, p=0.003), which made up a higher proportion of the high-risk group for patellar fractures with a residual thickness of < 12 mm (7.5% vs. 2.1%, p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: TKA using the Attune prosthesis provided more favorable clinical results than TKA using PFC Sigma. However, the risk of injury in the residual patella was increased with use of the Attune prosthesis in Asian patients.

Prolotherapy / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Prolotherapy is defined as “the rehabilitation of an incompetent structure such as ligament or tendon by induced proliferation of new cells” in the dictionary. It may include any treatment promoting the proliferation of new cells such as stem cell therapy. Traditionally, prolotherapy has been thought of as a method of strengthening a lax ligament by injecting various types of sclerosing or proliferant solutions which have commonly included hypertonic dextrose. And this therapy should involve the process of injecting solutions at the enthesis, where tendons and ligaments attach to the bone, to cause an inflammatory reaction. This inflammation initiates the regeneration and repair processes of the injured tissue in and around the joint to promote tissue proliferation and growth. Therefore, the method of prolotherapy includes the injection of small volumes of an irritant solution at painful ligament and tendon insertion sites over several treatment sessions. Because prolotherapy is a treatment modality that may provide a solution to a patient who complains of enthesopathic pain symptoms, it may be beneficial prior to long-term medication treatment or surgical intervention. Despite controversies over prolotherapy, its usage appears to be increasing gradually. This article discusses the current state of knowledge on prolotherapy and informs it to the physicians who manage the musculoskeletal pains.

Comparison of Mechanical Axis and Dynamic Range Assessed with Weight Bearing Radiographs and Navigation System in Closed Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy

PURPOSE: To compare navigation and weight bearing radiographic measurements of mechanical axis (MA) before and after closed wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) and to evaluate post-osteotomy changes in MA assessed during application of external varus or valgus force. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from 30 consecutive patients (30 knees) who underwent computer-assisted closed-wedge HTO were prospectively analyzed. Pre- and postoperative weight bearing radiographic evaluation of MA was performed. Under navigation guidance, pre- and post-osteotomy MA values were measured in an unloaded position. Any change in the post-osteotomy MA in response to external varus or valgus force, which was named as dynamic range, was evaluated with the navigation system. The navigation and weight bearing radiographic measurements were compared. RESULTS: Although there was a positive correlation between navigation and radiographic measurements, the reliability of navigation measurements of coronal alignment was reduced after osteotomy and wedge closing. The mean post-osteotomy MA value measured with the navigation was 3.5°±0.8° valgus in an unloaded position. It was 1.3°±0.8° valgus under varus force and 5.8°±1.1° valgus under valgus force. The average dynamic range was >±2°. CONCLUSIONS: Potential differences between the postoperative MAs assessed by weight bearing radiographs and the navigation system in unloaded position should be considered during computer-assisted closed wedge HTO. Care should be taken to keep the dynamic range within the permissible range of alignment goal in HTO.

Conversion Total Knee Arthroplasty after Failed High Tibial Osteotomy

Clinical results of high tibial osteotomy (HTO) deteriorate over time despite the initial satisfactory results. Several knees may require a conversion to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) because of failure such as the progression of degenerative osteoarthritis and the loss of the correction angle. It is important to know the long-term survival rate and common reason of failure in HTO to inform patients of postoperative expectations before surgery and to prevent surgical errors during surgery. In addition, it has been reported that clinical and radiological results, revision rate, and complication rate were poorer than those in patients without a previous HTO. There are few review articles that describe why conversion TKA after HTO is surgically difficult and the results are poor. Surgeons have to avoid the various complications and surgical errors in this specific situation. We would like to present the considering factors and technical difficulties during conversion TKA after HTO with a review of the literature. We could conclude through the review that the correction of deformity, lower amount of tibial bone resection, and sufficient polyethylene insert thickness, restoration of the joint line height, and adequate ligament balancing can be helpful in overcoming the technical challenges encountered during TKA following HTO.

Changes in Femoral Posterior Condylar Offset, Tibial Posterior Slope Angle, and Joint Line Height after Cruciate-Retaining Total Knee Arthroplasty

PURPOSE: Changes in the femoral posterior condylar offset (PCO), tibial posterior slope angle (PSA), and joint line height (JLH) after cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty (CR-TKA) were evaluated to determine their influence on the flexion angle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 125 CR-TKAs performed on 110 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Pre- and postoperative PCO, PSA, and JLH were compared using correlation analysis. Independent factors affecting the postoperative flexion angle of the knee were analyzed. RESULTS: The PCO was 28.2+/-2.0 mm (range, 24.5 to 33.1 mm) preoperatively and 26.7+/-1.8 mm (range, 22.2 to 31.2 mm) postoperatively (r=0.807, p0.291). CONCLUSIONS: Although the PCO and JLH did not change significantly after CR-TKA, the PSA decreased by 5.5degrees with a small range of variation. Restoration of the PCO and JLH could promote optimization of knee flexion in spite of the decreased PSA after CR-TKA.

Computer-Assisted Navigation in High Tibial Osteotomy

Computer-assisted navigation is used to improve the accuracy and precision of correction angles during high tibial osteotomy. Most studies have reported that this technique reduces the outliers of coronal alignment and unintended changes in the tibial posterior slope angle. However, more sophisticated studies are necessary to determine whether the technique will improve the clinical results and long-term survival rates. Knowledge of the navigation technology, surgical techniques and potential pitfalls, the clinical results of previous studies, and understanding of the advantages and limitations of the computer-assisted navigation are crucial to successful application of this new technique in high tibial osteotomy. Herein, we review the evidence concerning this technique from previous studies.

Does Cruciate-Retaining Total Knee Arthroplasty Show Better Quadriceps Recovery than Posterior-Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty? - Objective Measurement with a Dynamometer in 102 Knees

BACKGROUND: Cruciate-retaining (CR) prostheses have been considered to produce more physiologic femoral rollback, provide better proprioception, and result in better quadriceps recovery than posterior-stabilized (PS) prostheses after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, there are very few studies demonstrating these benefits in an objective manner. We investigated whether CR-TKA could result in (1) better quadriceps recovery; (2) a greater proportion of patients with beyond the preoperative level of recovery; and (3) better clinical outcomes than PS-TKA. METHODS: This was a prospective non-randomized comparative study on the results of CR-TKA and PS-TKA. CR prostheses were used in 51 knees and PS prostheses in 51 knees. Quadriceps force was measured with a dynamometer preoperatively and at postoperative 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months consecutively. The Knee Society score (KSS) and range of motion (ROM) were also evaluated. RESULTS: There were no differences between two groups in terms of the objective quadriceps force during the follow-up period. The proportion of patients with beyond the preoperative level of recovery was similar between groups. Moreover, the KSS and ROM were not significantly different between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: CR-TKA did not result in better quadriceps recovery than PS-TKA during the 6-month follow-up. In other words, PS-TKA could lead to comparable quadriceps recovery despite greater preoperative weaknesses such as more restricted ROM and more severe degenerative changes of the knee.

Is Single-Radius Design Better for Quadriceps Recovery in Total Knee Arthroplasty?

PURPOSE: Although single-radius (SR) designs have a theoretical advantage in quadriceps recovery following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), there has been a paucity of objective evaluation studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty minimally invasive TKAs were prospectively randomized by a single surgeon into 2 groups: SR design TKA group and multi-radius design TKA group. Quadriceps force and power were assessed using a dynamometer, and clinical data were investigated preoperatively and 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. RESULTS: There were no differences between two groups in quadriceps recovery and clinical results throughout the follow-up period. Furthermore, the proportion of patients whose postoperative quadriceps force and power reached preoperative level was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Femoral component design itself would not significantly influence quadriceps recovery after TKA.

Thromboprophylaxis for Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism after Total Joint Arthroplasty in a Low Incidence Population

Postoperative venous thromboembolism is one of the most serious complications following total joint arthroplasty. Pharmacological and mechanical prophylaxis methods are used to reduce the risk of postoperative symptomatic deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Use of pharmacological prophylaxis requires a fine balance between the efficacy of the drug in preventing deep vein thrombosis and the adverse effects associated with the use of these drugs. In regions with a low prevalence of deep vein thrombosis such as Korea, there might be a question whether the benefits of using pharmacological prophylaxis outweigh the risks involved. The current article reviews the need for thromboprophylaxis, guidelines, problems with the guidelines, pharmacological prophylaxis use, and the current scenario of deep vein thrombosis, and discusses whether the use of pharmacological prophylaxis should be mandatory in low incidence populations.

A Case of Adult Onset Still's Disease Misdiagnosed as Septic Arthritis

We present a case of adult onset Still's disease (AOSD) that was misdiagnosed as septic arthritis of the shoulder and knee. A forty-nine-year-old woman was admitted for pain in the left knee. The patient's medical history showed that she had undergone arthroscopic irrigation twice and an open debridement under the diagnosis of septic shoulder at another hospital. The laboratory and joint fluid analysis findings led us to suspect septic knee. Arthroscopic irrigation and antibiotics treatment were performed. At five weeks after discharge, she presented with pain in the same joint, fever, and rash. The symptoms were consistent with Yamaguchi's criteria for AOSD. We started corticosteroid therapy, and clinical remission was achieved. In conclusion, we suggest that AOSD should be considered as a diagnosis of exclusion to avoid misdiagnosis with septic arthritis.

Computer Assisted Navigation in Knee Arthroplasty

Computer assisted surgery (CAS) was used to improve the positioning of implants during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Most studies have reported that computer assisted navigation reduced the outliers of alignment and component malpositioning. However, additional sophisticated studies are necessary to determine if the improvement of alignment will improve long-term clinical results and increase the survival rate of the implant. Knowledge of CAS-TKA technology and understanding the advantages and limitations of navigation are crucial to the successful application of the CAS technique in TKA. In this article, we review the components of navigation, classification of the system, surgical method, potential error, clinical results, advantages, and disadvantages.

A Case of Candida Glabrata Infection after Total Knee Arthroplasty

Candida infection after total knee arthroplasty is very rare. The diagnosis is difficult due to lack of obvious clinical symptoms. Candida albicans is the most common strain in Candida infections after total knee arthroplasties and Candida glabrata has been reported in only 5 cases in the literature. We report here on a case of Candida glabrata infection after total knee arthroplasty, and this was treated by two-stage revision and using an antibiotics-loaded cement spacer.

Total Knee Arthroplasty Using an Intra-Articular Correction Method in Patients with Extra-Articular Deformity of the Femur / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: To investigate the result of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using an intra-articular correction in patients with extra-articular deformity of the femur. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed 23 TKAs in 23 patients with extra-articular deformity of the femur. The mean age was 58.0 years and the follow-up period averaged 54.7 months. The American Knee Society's knee and function score were evaluated, and the mechanical axis (MA) was measured. Sixteen knees with a deformity in the distal third of the femur were assigned to group I and 7 knees with a deformity in the proximal or middle third were assigned to group II. Between groups differences in results were analyzed. RESULTS: The average knee score was 47.8 preoperatively and 91.6 at the last follow-up. The average function score was 46.9 preoperatively and 89.1 at the last follow-up. The MA averaged varus was 7.7degrees preoperatively and 1.0degrees postoperatively. The average knee score at the last follow-up was 90.1 in group I and 95.0 in group II. The average function score at the last follow-up was 87.8 in group I and 92.1 in group II. The MA averaged varus was 2.0degrees in group I and 1.3degrees in group II (p=0.042). CONCLUSION: TKA in conjunction with intra-articular correction produced satisfactory results for patients with an extra-articular deformity of femur. The possibility of incomplete correction of limb alignment should be carefully considered, especially in cases with a severe deformity at the distal third of the femur.